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New Concepts of Adaptability and Accessibility
Adaptability
Adaptability is a concept whereby sinks, counters, and grab bars are installed
so they can be readjusted to different heights for different people. This
feature helps everyone not just those who are short or use wheelchairs.
Adjustable brackets on kitchen and bathroom counters and sinks as well as
continuous 3/4" wood blocking in the walls surrounding a toilet or bathtub
allow for adjustability in the fixtures or grab bars at each location.
Installing this type of detail into a new house can eliminate the need for
costly renovation. What's more, adaptable elements won't change the appearance
of a house if they're carefully constructed. A home can easily be re-modified to
a "standard" appearance should you decide to sell the house and move
at a later date.
Accessibility
During the past decade, building codes based on the American National Standards
Institute's Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to
and Useable by Physically Handicapped People have made public buildings
accessible to our entire population. These building codes, which are generally
applicable only to stores, banks, and other public buildings, have generated new
ideas for achieving accessibility in private homes. Many of these ideas are
described and illustrated below.
Accessible Routes
A continuous corridor that's 3' wide, 6-8' high, and free of hazards and abrupt
changes in level should connect all important areas of your home. This pathway
should lead from the point where you enter the property, through the entrance to
all important rooms. If such an "accessible route" is available,
anyone, regardless of physical limitations, will be able to move easily around
your home. If you rent your home, check with your landlord before you undertake
any modifications.
Accessible Appliances
You should try to strike a balance between safety and useability in your home,
especially if very old and frail persons or very young children are present. For
example, you may not want a stove with front controls if your grandchildren
visit frequently. However, many barrier-free design specialists recommend front
controls so persons in wheelchairs won't have to reach across heated burners.
Doors
The freedom to move easily around our homes is something most of us take for
granted. But it's a freedom that's cherished by those with limited mobility and
strength. Many of our homes were designed with strong young families in mind.
However, when older persons occupy these houses, they may not be able to open
some windows, climb steps, or go through doors, especially if they have limited
strength or hand dexterity, or use a wheelchair or other mobility device.
Deciding which doors to make accessible isn't difficult when you consider the
main activities you enjoy. In your home, you should have easy access through at
least one entry door (preferably two for fire evacuation reasons) and all doors
along the accessible route between your bedroom and the kitchen, dining,
bathroom, living or family room, and possibly the laundry room. Some doors may
not need to be accessible, especially if they lead to seldom-used areas or rooms
such as basements, shallow closets, or guest bedrooms.
There are four major reasons why people have difficulty using doors:
Width
Although the standard doorway width is 32", some doorways may be narrower,
and unable to accommodate wheelchairs or other mobility assisting devices.
Landing
The floor space on either side of the door is too small to allow a person who
uses a wheelchair or other mobility assisting device to approach and open the
door.
Hardware
The latch or lock is located where it's hard to reach and operate, or more
commonly, the type of latch, lock, or handle is difficult to operate by someone
who has limited hand dexterity.
Weight
The door is too heavy or the automatic door closer or spring pressure is too
strong to open easily. Each of these conditions has several solutions:
Width Problems
A standard wheelchair is 24-27" wide. When you add 1 1/2" on both
sides of the chair to allow for finger and knuckle clearance, plus an inch or
two to allow for inaccurate maneuvering and the usual oblique approach to doors,
the clear opening width totals 32". Therefore, this standard is used in
most building codes.
A swinging door is commonly available in a 3' width, but 3' inward-opening
doors are generally used only as front doors on most homes. It's especially
difficult to find doors of this width on bathrooms (builders used to think
bathrooms would never have furniture moving through them). The usual reason for
providing 3' doors is to allow for easy furniture movement. Short of replacing
the entire door and frame with a wider doorway, there are several solutions to
the narrow door problem.
Swing Clear Hinges
You can replace the existing hinges on your doors with "swing-clear
hinges." They enlarge the clear opening of the door by 1 1/2- 1 3/4 "
(the thickness of the door itself). This additional clearance is often enough to
provide the necessary minimum width for a wheelchair to pass through the
doorway, though it may be a tight squeeze. If the clearance is minimal, you may
want to affix a piece of plastic laminate or sheet metal on the door so
wheelchairs won't mar the surface as they pass through the doorway.
Remove Door Stops
You can often remove the small wooden door stops which create a stop for
swinging doors and re-install them up to 3' above the floor. This will add an
additional 3/4" to the clear opening width of the doorway, which may be
enough to allow a wheelchair to pass through.
Remove Doors
If you remove existing doors you can provide an additional 1 1/2-2" of
clear door opening. If you also remove the door's stops as mentioned above,
you'll gain an additional 3/4" and a total of 2 1/4 - 2 3/4" will be
added to the clear width of otherwise inaccessible doors.
You may want to simply remove the pins from the hinges and remove the door in
some doorways. In other locations, where aesthetics are a consideration, you can
remove the hinges, door stops, and other hardware, fill the resulting holes with
wood putty or spackle, and repaint or refinish the door frame. Before you remove
hinges altogether, make sure you'll never want to reinstall the door in the
doorway. Reinstallation may be fairly difficult once your door frames have been
modified.
Landings
Small landings on either side of doors can create problems if you or others in
your home use mobility devices. It is difficult to pull a swinging door open if
you, your wheelchair, or another mobility device already occupy the landing area
over which the door must swing.
Usually 18-24" is needed beyond the strike jamb on the pull side of the
door to allow enough room for a wheelchair user to easily open the door.
Unfortunately, to enlarge a landing you may have to relocate walls or
partitions. This may be a difficult task, especially in older homes where walls
or partitions bear the weight of the house or where electrical or plumbing lines
are located. Two alternatives are available. You can either remove the door from
the doorway and eliminate the need to open or close it, or you can install an
automatic door opener. Either option will eliminate the need for a wide door landing.
Hardware
Hardware choices include latches, locks, thresholds, kickplates, vision panels,
and door openers. Depending on your needs, all or some of these options may be
appropriate in your home.
Latches
Latches are a means of keeping doors closed. If a latch isn't necessary (i.e.
spring loaded, or well-balanced doors), you may prefer to deactivate it. Anyone
can push open a door, or pull it shut if there is no excessive weight involved
and the hardware for pulling the door is easy to grasp. When latches are
required, you may want to install a device that requires no fine gripping or
strong twisting ability. Lever hardware is ideal, but high quality is usually
available only in "mortised" latches. If your home isn't newly built,
you'll probably be able to replace the existing knob hardware on your mortised
lock sets with levers.
Most residential construction uses cylindrical lock sets and latches which
are difficult to replace with levers. But several devices have been introduced
recently for adding a lever arm to existing cylindrical latch sets. For
information about these products, refer to the Resources chapter.
Locks
The security you desire for your home may be difficult to achieve if you have
hand dexterity impairments. Most locks require fine dexterity and finger
strength. Using the closed fist rule, you can easily determine whether your
locks are useable by older persons in your household who have arthritis. Lever
hardware is preferable to any kind of small twist knob. Push buttons may be
satisfactory if they don't require fine dexterity to release the lock. A push
button lock in a cylindrical lever latch is perfect from an operational point of
view, but it doesn't generally provide the security of a dead bolt mechanism.
Slide bolts, however, are fairly easy for anyone to operate and provide
nearly the same security as dead bolts.
A lever arm welded or attached to an existing turn knob, may be an acceptable
way to adapt your door locks. Magnetic card readers, remote control locks, and
combination locks which are push-button activated work well for many people. If
you have key locks which retract dead bolts (mortised locksets), you may be able
to attach a dowel or other lever arm to the key. This makes it easy for persons
with limited finger strength to operate and retract the dead bolt.
Thresholds
Abrupt changes in levels greater than 1/2" can create tripping hazards for
people with walking problems and barriers for people who use wheelchairs.
Thresholds should be ramped or removed so they do not create any type of
barrier.
To remove a threshold, you must either cut or pry up and patch the flooring
at wooden thresholds, or replace metal or masonry thresholds with others that
have a lower profile. In some cases, you may be able to install a beveled ramp
that abuts the edge of the threshold and eliminates the wheeling and tripping
barrier.
Alternatively, you can fill the area with mortar or plastic material that
will level the approach to the threshold. You should try to eliminate the
threshold completely, however, since even a gradual ramp may create problems for
some residents or visitors in your home. Analyze the abilities of the members of
your household to determine what's best for you and those who live with you.
Doormats
Doormats, while helping to keep your house clean, can create tripping hazards.
Secure doormats to the floor surface or recess them to be flush with the surface
so they don't create an edge profile that can cause someone to trip. Since
doormats can also slip and slide around on the floor, you should fasten them in
place with tacks, staples, or double-sided carpet tape.
Kickplates
Where a doorway is especially narrow or someone habitually pushes the door open
with wheelchair foot rests, excessive wear can occur. Oversized kickplates can
reduce this wear. Kickplates should extend from the floor surface up to a height
of at least 10" and preferably 16". You can fasten plastic laminate,
metal, and even hardwood kickplates to the door to provide protection.
Kickplates should be as thin as possible so they won't reduce the clear door
width opening.
Vision panels
If you have interior passage doors that you normally leave closed, you may want
to install vision panels in them so that slow-moving persons won't be knocked
over by others coming through the door. These panels should be located as shown
in the illustration.
For security reasons, you may want to provide one
way vision panels and/or
peepholes on entrance doors. This will allow you to visually survey any visitor
before you open the doorway and expose yourself to risk. For people in
wheelchairs, peepholes should be located approximately 36-45" above the floor.
Automatic operators
If one or more of your doors are difficult to open because they are excessively
heavy or the landings are small, you may want to install automatic door openers.
A simple system of pulleys and weights as shown in the illustration may be a
satisfactory solution for doors where access is a problem.
Electro-mechanical openers that plug into an electrical outlet and are
operated from a remote button or sensor are effective for many installations.
For information about the availability of these products, refer to the Resources
chapter.
Pneumatic systems like those at supermarkets require compressors and piping,
and are generally much more expensive than the electromechanical systems
mentioned above. Automatic operators are available for sliding or swinging
doors. Refer to the Resources chapter, for the names of manufacturers.
Door Types
If you plan to modify or replace doors for better accessibility, remember that
several types of doors may be suitable. Swinging doors are the most common, but
they require landings on both sides.
Sliding doors are often useful when space is limited, but their weight and
lateral movement can cause problems for some disabled people. And some sliding
doors require a floor track that can create a tripping or wheeling problem for
some individuals. Threshold modification may be necessary. Folding doors are
another option. They require lateral force, but are generally lighter in weight
than most other doors. However, the hardware for these types of doors will
sometimes not withstand constant use.
Pocket doors are becoming more and more fashionable. Where there is only an
occasional need for privacy they're especially effective. When they aren't being
used, they're out of the way and out of sight (hidden in a wall).
Pocket doors can also be inexpensively mounted on the surface of an existing
wall, but are less aesthetically pleasing than hidden doors.
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